Four years after the outbreak of the Greek Revolution, Greece existed as an independent political entity. It had institutions, a government, a political body, laws and regulations. Furthermore, it had a first form of international recognition and presence primarily through the external loans it negotiated.
Of course, it was not a stable and well-governed state. The disputes over political power divided the various components of the strong social groups that preexisted or were created in the new situation. The civil wars dynamically reflected these violent competitions.
At the same time, the yesterday's oppressor was preparing his own counterattack. In Constantinople, all the possibilities of the Ottoman authority were being mobilized, which gave the impression of slowly emerging from a long-standing lethargy. Two great military leaders, Koutaki and Ibrahim, would set their sights on the still unstable Greek freedom.
The critical confrontation was reflected in the two titanic clashes, the sieges of Missolonghi and Athens. On the battlefield, the Greeks experienced devastation in both cases. However, as often happens in history, the triumph of the enemies of the Revolution revealed their weakness: they could win, but they could not subjugate.
Upon these two destructions and the blood that was shed, Greek Independence was firmly established.
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