The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to the design of analog electronic circuits using linear integrated circuits. The main goal is to present the basic properties and applications of the main elements of the linear integrated circuit family, such as operational amplifiers, voltage comparators, voltage regulators, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, timing circuits, etc., so that the reader can become familiar with their basic properties in order to be able to deal with the design of systems that include such components. It is obvious that due to the vast extent of the subject, it is not possible in this book to provide a systematic analysis of all the linear elements described. Therefore, we do not delve into, for example, the internal design, circuit models, and fabrication details of these elements, but rather make an effort to familiarize the reader with their basic properties. In Chapter 1, the structure and operation of each stage that constitutes an operational amplifier, such as the differential amplifier, current source, and output stage, are described in detail. Some basic concepts encountered in operational amplifiers, such as gain, compensation techniques, common-mode rejection ratio, etc., are also explained. Chapter 2 describes the operational amplifier and its properties as a basic building block of linear integrated circuits. The concept and utility of feedback are also explained, as well as its effect on the basic parameters of the operational amplifier. Many possible configurations and applications are given, such as its use as a general amplifier (voltage, current, etc.), in analog computational circuits (analog adder, subtractor, multiplier, divider, etc.), in voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversion circuits, oscillators, instrumentation amplifiers, etc. Chapter 3 describes a significant application of operational amplifiers in active filters of all types (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject, etc.) and presents basic design methods for active filters of all categories. Chapter 4 presents the voltage comparator, describes its operation, and gives possible configurations with and without feedback, as well as characteristic applications. Chapter 5 describes the internal structure and operation of linear voltage regulators, which are basic building blocks of power supply arrangements. The principles of operation of switching power supplies are then described, and methods for design and detailed calculation of their components are given. Chapter 6 presents the basic concepts and principles of operation of analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC). The general principles of sampling, quantization, and encoding are described, as well as electronic circuits for sampling and holding, and electronic switches. Then the most prevalent and representative methods of converting analog signals to digital and vice versa are presented.
In chapter 7, the stable and unstable oscillators are described using discrete elements, with a combination of logic gates and passive elements, and using linear integrated circuits, and basic principles of operation and applications of various timing circuits (timers) are given. Then the programmable timing circuits and their connections are presented as stable and unstable oscillators, and finally,
In chapter 8, the voltage-to-frequency (V/FC) and frequency-to-voltage (F/VC) converters are described. Various concepts related to the above converters are explained, such as the concepts of monopolar and bipolar converters, linearity and non-linearity, as well as the process of selecting their elements during their design process.
This book is the fourth (4th) improved edition and is aimed at undergraduate students of Electrical Engineering & Computer Engineering and related specialties, who have a basic background in Electronics Circuits and Analysis of Electrical Circuits.
I would like to thank the students of all years who have studied this course, as well as all those who have contributed in any way, with their help and observations, which improved and organized the content of this book and evolved from the initial form of the notes that were first published in 2003